Contents

xix

22.4

Commonly Functionalized Biomaterials and Their Role in

Remediation

348

22.4.1

Biopolymers

348

22.4.2

Surfactants

351

22.4.3

Nucleic Acid

352

22.4.4

Proteins and Peptides

352

22.4.5

Enzymes

353

22.5

Biofunctionalized Nanoparticle-Based Sensors for Environmental

Application

354

22.6

Limitation of Biofunctionalized Nanoparticles for Environmental

Application

355

22.7

Future Perspective

356

22.8

Conclusion

356

Acknowledgment

357

References

357

23

Biogeneration of Valuable Nanomaterials from Food and

Other Wastes

361

Amrutha B. Mahanthesh, Swarrna Haldar, and Soumitra Banerjee

23.1

Introduction

361

23.2

Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials by Using Food and Agricultural

Waste

362

23.3

Synthesis of Bionanoparticles from Food and Agricultural Waste

362

23.3.1

Cellulose Nanomaterials

363

23.3.2

Protein Nanoparticles

364

23.4

Conclusion

365

Acknowledgments

365

References

365

24

Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Agriculture and

Horticulture Waste

369

Vinayaka B. Shet, Keshava Joshi, Lokeshwari Navalgund,

and Ujwal Puttur

24.1

Introduction

369

24.2

Agricultural and Horticultural Waste

370

24.3

Biosynthesis of Nanoparticle

370

24.3.1

Processing of Agriculture and Horticulture Waste

370

24.3.2

Synthesis of Nanoparticles

372

24.3.3

Separation of Nanoparticles

372

24.4

Characterization of Biosynthesized Nanoparticles

373

24.4.1

UV Spectrophotometer

373

24.4.2

Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

374

24.4.3

Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Zeta Potential

374

24.4.4

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron

Microscope (TEM) with Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX)

374